Eet als een atleet: hardloop editie

Wij onderbouwen al onze claims met wetenschappelijk onderzoek. Alle referenties uit ons boek Eet als een atleet: hardloop editie kan je op deze pagina terugvinden.

Groet,
Team I’m a Foodie

  1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations University, World Health Organization. Human Energy Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation : Rome, 17-24 October 2001. Food & Agriculture Org.; 2004. 96 p.
  2. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Mar;116(3):501–28.
  3. Van Rossem CTM. et al. The diet of the Dutch Results of the first two years of the Dutch National Food Consumption Survey 2012-2016. RIVM, 2016
  4. Gezondheidsraad. Richtlijnen goede voeding 2015. Den Haag: Gezondheidsraad, 2015; publicatienr. 2015/24
  5. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 1038 p.
  6. Burke L, Deakin V. Clinical Sports Nutrition. McGraw-Hill Education / Australia; 2015. 768 p.
  7. Kenney WL, Wilmore J, Costill D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human Kinetics; 2015. 648 p.
  8. Brink E, Rossum van C, Postma-Smeets A, Stafleu A Wolvers D, Dooren van C, … Ocké, M. Development of healthy and sustainable food-based dietary guidelines for the Netherlands. Public Health Nutr 2019 Sep;22(13):2419-2435
  9. Kromhout D, Spaaij C, Goede de J, Weggemans RM. The 2015 Dutch food-based dietary guidelines. Eur J Clin Nutr 2016 70, 869–878 
  10. Stichting Voedingscentrum. Richtlijnen Schijf van Vijf. Den Haag, februari 2020,6e druk.
  11. Whitney EN, Rolfes SR. Understanding Nutrition. Cengage Learning; 2015. 928 p
  1. Rehrer NJ, Hellemans IJ, Rolleston AK, Rush E, Miller BF. Energy intake and expenditure during a 6-day cycling stage race. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Aug;20(4):609–18.
  2. Saris W, van Erp-Baart* M, Brouns F, Westerterp K, Hoor F. Study on Food Intake and Energy Expenditure During Extreme Sustained Exercise: The Tour de France. Int J Sports Med. 1989;10(S 1):S26–31.
  3. Manore MM. Weight Management for Athletes and Active Individuals: A Brief Review. Sports Med. 2015 Nov;45 Suppl 1:S83–92.
  4. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, United Nations University, World Health Organization. Human Energy Requirements: Report of a Joint FAO/WHO/UNU Expert Consultation : Rome, 17-24 October 2001. Food & Agriculture Org.; 2004. 96 p.
  5. Efsa Panel on, (NDA) NAA. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for energy. EFSA Journal. 2013;11(1):3005.
  6. Kenney WL, Wilmore J, Costill D. Physiology of Sport and Exercise 6th Edition. Human Kinetics; 2015. 648 p.
  7. ten Haaf T, Weijs PJM. Resting energy expenditure prediction in recreational athletes of 18-35 years: confirmation of Cunningham equation and an improved weight-based alternative. PLoS One. 2014 Oct 2;9(9):e108460.
  8. Ainsworth BE, Haskell WL, Herrmann SD, Meckes N, Bassett DR Jr, Tudor-Locke C, et al. 2011 Compendium of Physical Activities: a second update of codes and MET values. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2011 Aug;43(8):1575–81.
  9. Van Der Vusse GJ, Reneman RS. Lipid Metabolism in Muscle. In: Comprehensive Physiology. 2011.
  10. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Mar;116(3):501–28.
  11. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 1038 p.
  12. Kreider RB, Wilborn CD, Taylor L, Campbell B, Almada AL, Collins R, et al. ISSN exercise & sport nutrition review: research & recommendations. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Feb 2;7:7.
  13. Van Loon L. The effects of exercise and nutrition on muscle fuel selection. 2001; Available from: http://arno.unimaas.nl/show.cgi?did=31018
  14. M. Sales et al. An integrative perspective of the anaerobic threshold, Physiol Behav. 2019 Jun 1;205:29-32.
  15. Longland TM, Oikawa SY, Mitchell CJ, Devries MC, Phillips SM. Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103(3):738–46.
  16. Slater J, Brown R, McLay-Cooke R, Black K. Low Energy Availability in Exercising Women: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. Sports Med. 2017 Feb;47(2):207–20.
  17. Trexler ET, Smith-Ryan AE, Norton LE. Metabolic adaptation to weight loss: implications for the athlete. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 Feb 27;11(1):7.
  18. Slater J, McLay-Cooke R, Brown R, Black K. Female Recreational Exercisers at Risk for Low Energy Availability. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Oct;26(5):421–7.
  19. Matzkin E, Curry EJ, Whitlock K. Female Athlete Triad: Past, Present, and Future. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2015 Jul;23(7):424–32.
  20. Miller SM, Kukuljan S, Turner AIT, van der Pligt P, Ducher G. Energy deficiency, menstrual disturbances, and low bone mass: what do exercising Australian women know about the female athlete triad? Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2012 Apr;22(2):131–8.
  21. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. The IOC consensus statement: beyond the Female Athlete Triad–Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2014 Apr;48(7):491–7.
  22. Mountjoy M, Sundgot-Borgen J, Burke L, Carter S, Constantini N, Lebrun C, et al. Authors’ 2015 additions to the IOC consensus statement: Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (RED-S). Br J Sports Med. 2015;49(7):417–20.
  23. J.R Hingst , L. Bruhn et al. Exercise-induced molecular mechanisms promoting glycogen supercompensation in human skeletal muscle. Mol Metab. 2018 Oct;16:24-34. 
  24. Wall BT, Morton JP, van Loon LJC. Strategies to maintain skeletal muscle mass in the injured athlete: nutritional considerations and exercise mimetics. EJSS . 2015;15(1):53–62.
  25. Magne H, Savary-Auzeloux I, Rémond D, Dardevet D. Nutritional strategies to counteract muscle atrophy caused by disuse and to improve recovery. Nutr Res Rev. 2013 Dec;26(2):149–65.
  26. Wall BT, van Loon LJC. Nutritional strategies to attenuate muscle disuse atrophy. Nutr Rev. 2013 Apr;71(4):195–208.
  27. Vriend I, Gouttebarge V, Finch CF, van Mechelen W, Verhagen EALM. Intervention Strategies Used in Sport Injury Prevention Studies: A Systematic Review Identifying Studies Applying the Haddon Matrix. Sports Med [Internet]. 2017 Mar 16
  28. Shaw G, Lee-Barthel A, Ross ML, Wang B, Baar K. 2017. Vitamin C-enriched gelatin supplementation before intermittent activity augments collagen synthesis. Am J Clin Nutr 105: 136-143.
  29. D.M. Lis, K. Baar . Effects of Different Vitamin C-Enriched Collagen Derivatives on Collagen Synthesis. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab2019 Sep 1;29(5):526-531.
  1. Jeukendrup AE, Gleeson M. Sport Nutrition: An Introduction to Energy Production and Performance. Human Kinetics 1; 2004. 411 p.
  2. M. Germaine, K. Collins 2, M. Shortall Sports The Effect of Caffeine Ingestion and Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse on High-Intensity Running Performance  Sports(Basel) 2019 Mar 14;7(3):63.
  3. Temesi J, Johnson NA, Raymond J, Burdon CA, O’Connor HT. Carbohydrate ingestion during endurance exercise improves performance in adults. J Nutr. 2011 May;141(5):890–7.
  4. Jeukendrup A. A step towards personalized sports nutrition: carbohydrate intake during exercise. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S25–33.
  5. Thomas DT E al. American College of Sports Medicine Joint Position Statement. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 Apr 22]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26891166
  6. van Loon LJ, Greenhaff PL, Constantin-Teodosiu D, Saris WH, Wagenmakers AJ. The effects of increasing exercise intensity on muscle fuel utilisation in humans. J Physiol. 2001 Oct 1;536(Pt 1):295–304.
  7. L.T Rossato, C.T.M. Fernandes et al. No Improvement in Running Time to Exhaustion at 100% VO2max in Recreationally Active Male Runners With a Preexercise Single-Carbohydrate Mouth Rinse Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019 Aug 22;1178-1183.
  8. Escobar KA, VanDusseldorp TA, Kerksick CM. Carbohydrate intake and resistance-based exercise: are current recommendations reflective of actual need? Br J Nutr. 2016 Dec;116(12):2053–65.
  9. Thomas DT, Travis Thomas D, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(3):501–28.
  10. Bosch AN E al. Fuel substrate kinetics of carbohydrate loading differs from that of carbohydrate ingestion during prolonged exercise. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 May 25]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8609825
  11. Dion T, Savoie FA, Asselin A, Gariepy C, Goulet EDB. Half-marathon running performance is not improved by a rate of fluid intake above that dictated by thirst sensation in trained distance runners. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2013;113(12):3011–20.
  12. Goulet EDB. Dehydration and endurance performance in competitive athletes. Nutr Rev. 2012 Nov;70 Suppl 2:S132–6.
  13. Sawka MN, Montain SJ, Latzka WA. Hydration effects on thermoregulation and performance in the heat. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol. 2001;128(4):679–90.
  14. Shirreffs SM, Armstrong LE, Cheuvront SN. Fluid and electrolyte needs for preparation and recovery from training and competition. J Sports Sci. 2004 Jan;22(1):57–63.
  15. Shirreffs SM, Sawka MN. Fluid and electrolyte needs for training, competition, and recovery. J Sports Sci. 2011;29(sup1):S39–46.
  16. Maughan RJ, Shirreffs SM. Dehydration and rehydration in competative sport. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2010 Oct;20 Suppl 3:40–7.
  17. Maughan RJ, Watson P, Shirreffs SM. Implications of active lifestyles and environmental factors for water needs and consequences of failure to meet those needs. Nutr Rev. 2015;73(suppl 2):130–40.
  18. Lott MJE, Galloway SDR. Fluid balance and sodium losses during indoor tennis match play. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2011 Dec;21(6):492–500.
  19. Makranz C, Heled Y, Shapiro Y, Epstein Y, Moran DS. [Fluid and sodium balance during exercise–standpoint]. Harefuah. 2012 Feb;151(2):107–10, 126.
  20. Nguyen RK, Lukaszuk JM, Alis JP, Salacinski AJ, Walker DA, Umoren J. Effectiveness of Coconut Water on Treadmill Anaerobic Test Performance: 867 Board #183 June 1, 2: 00 PM – 3: 30 PM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 May;48(5 Suppl 1):243.
  21. Hew-Butler T, Rosner MH, Fowkes-Godek S, Dugas JP, Hoffman MD, Lewis DP, et al. Statement of the 3rd International Exercise-Associated Hyponatremia Consensus Development Conference, Carlsbad, California, 2015. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;49(22):1432–46.
  22. Judelson DA, Maresh CM, Anderson JM, Armstrong LE, Casa DJ, Kraemer WJ, et al. Hydration and muscular performance: does fluid balance affect strength, power and high-intensity endurance? Sports Med. 2007;37(10):907–21.
  23. Leiper JB. Intestinal water absorption–implications for the formulation of rehydration solutions. Int J Sports Med. 1998 Jun;19 Suppl 2:S129–32.
  24. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB. Limitations to fluid replacement during exercise. Can J Appl Physiol. 1999 Apr;24(2):173–87.
  25. Adams WM, Vandermark LW, Belval LN, VanScoy RM, Attanasio SM, Casa DJ. Thirst As A Marker Of Hydration Status During And After Exercise In The Heat: 642 Board #5 June 1, 1: 00 PM – 3: 00 PM. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 May;48(5 Suppl 1):167.
  26. Maresh CM. Effect of hydration status on thirst, drinking, and related hormonal responses during low-intensity exercise in the heat. J Appl Physiol. 2004;97(1):39–44.
  27. Iwayama K E al. Exercise Increases 24-h Fat Oxidation Only When It Is Performed Before Breakfast. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 Apr 7]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26844280
  28. Paoli A E al. Exercising fasting or fed to enhance fat loss? Influence of food intake on respiratory ratio and excess postexercise oxygen consumption after a bou… – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 May 25]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21411835
  29. Schoenfeld BJ, Aragon AA, Wilborn CD, Krieger JW, Sonmez GT. Body composition changes associated with fasted versus non-fasted aerobic exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2014 Nov 18;11(1):54.
  30. Hulston CJ, Venables MC, Mann CH, Martin C, Philp A, Baar K, et al. Training with Low Muscle Glycogen Enhances Fat Metabolism in Well-Trained Cyclists. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2010;42(11):2046–55.
  31. Marquet L-A, Brisswalter J, Louis J, Tiollier E, Burke LM, Hawley JA, et al. Enhanced Endurance Performance by Periodization of Carbohydrate Intake: “Sleep Low” Strategy. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Apr;48(4):663–72.
  32. Bergström J, Hermansen L, Hultman E, Saltin B. Diet, Muscle Glycogen and Physical Performance. Acta Physiol Scand. 1967;71(2-3):140–50.
  33. Eleanor Noss(eleanor Noss, Rolfes SR, Whitney B. Understanding Nutrition. Wadsworth Publishing Company; 2011. 960 p.
  34. Nutrition and Athletic Performance. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2016;48(3):543–68.
  35. Rowlands DS, Houltham S, Musa-Veloso K, Brown F, Paulionis L, Bailey D. Fructose-Glucose Composite Carbohydrates and Endurance Performance: Critical Review and Future Perspectives. Sports Med. 2015 Nov;45(11):1561–76.
  36. Peart DJ, Hensby A, Shaw MP. Coconut Water Does Not Improve Markers of Hydration During Sub-Maximal Exercise and Performance in a Subsequent Time Trial Compared to Water Alone. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Oct 21;1–19.
  37. de Ataide e Silva T, Di Cavalcanti Alves de Souza ME, de Amorim JF, Stathis CG, Leandro CG, Lima-Silva AE. Can carbohydrate mouth rinse improve performance during exercise? A systematic review. Nutrients. 2013 Dec 19;6(1):1–10.
  38. Rowlatt G, Bottoms L, Edmonds CJ, Buscombe R. The effect of carbohydrate mouth rinsing on fencing performance and cognitive function following fatigue-inducing fencing. EJSS . 2017 May;17(4):433–40.
  39. Miller KC, Knight KL. Pain and soreness associated with a percutaneous electrical stimulation muscle cramping protocol. Muscle Nerve. 2007;36(5):711–4.
  40. Schwellnus MP, Drew N, Collins M. Increased running speed and previous cramps rather than dehydration or serum sodium changes predict exercise-associated muscle cramping: a prospective cohort study in 210 Ironman triathletes. Br J Sports Med. 2011 Jun;45(8):650–6.
  41. Schwellnus MP. Cause of Exercise Associated Muscle Cramps (EAMC) — altered neuromuscular control, dehydration or electrolyte depletion? Br J Sports Med. 2008;43(6):401–8.
  42. Nelson NL, Churilla JR. A narrative review of exercise-associated muscle cramps: Factors that contribute to neuromuscular fatigue and management implications. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Aug;54(2):177–85.
  43. Souza DB, Del Coso J, Casonatto J, Polito MD. Acute effects of caffeine-containing energy drinks on physical performance: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nutr. 2017 Feb;56(1):13–27.
  44. Campbell B, Wilborn C, La Bounty P, Taylor L, Nelson MT, Greenwood M, et al. International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: energy drinks. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013 Jan 3;10(1):1.
  45. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. CAERS Adverse Events Reports Allegedly Related to Red Bull. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/downloads/AboutFDA/CentersOffices/OfficeofFoods/CFSAN/CFSANFOIAElectronicReadingRoom/UCM328525.pdf.
  46.             Tipton KD, Witard OC. Protein requirements and recommendations for athletes: relevance of ivory tower arguments for practical recommendations. Clin Sports Med. 2007 Jan;26(1):17–36.
  1. Tang JE, Moore DR, Kujbida GW, Tarnopolsky MA, Phillips SM. Ingestion of whey hydrolysate, casein, or soy protein isolate: effects on mixed muscle protein synthesis at rest and following resistance exercise in young men. J Appl Physiol. 2009 Sep;107(3):987–92.
  2. Gorissen SHM, Crombag JJR, Senden JMG, Waterval WAH, Bierau J, Verdijk LB, van Loon LJC. Protein content and amino acid composition of commercially available plant-based protein isolates. Amino Acids. 50(12):1685-1695, 2018.
  3. Yang Y, Churchward-Venne T, Burd N, Breen L, Phillips S. Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis Following Ingestion of Soy Protein Isolate at Rest and After Resistance Exercise in Elderly Men. In: Clinical Nutrition and Aging. 2016. p. 105–26.
  4. Jackman SR, Witard OC, Philp A, Wallis GA, Baar K, Tipton KD. Branched-Chain Amino Acid Ingestion Stimulates Muscle Myofibrillar Protein Synthesis following Resistance Exercise in Humans. Front Physiol. 7;8:390, 2017.
  5. P.R. Harris 1, D.A. Keen 2, E. Constantopoulos et al. Fluid type influences acute hydration and muscle performance recovery in human subjects Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Apr 4;16(1):15.
  6. Thomas K, Morris P, Stevenson E. Improved endurance capacity following chocolate milk consumption compared with 2 commercially available sport drinks. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2009;34(1):78–82.
  7. Wojcik JR, Walber-Rankin J, Smith LL, Gwazdauskas FC. Comparison of carbohydrate and milk-based beverages on muscle damage and glycogen following exercise. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2001 Dec;11(4):406–19.
  8. Ferguson-Stegall L, McCleave E, Ding Z, Doerner PG Iii, Liu Y, Wang B, et al. Aerobic exercise training adaptations are increased by postexercise carbohydrate-protein supplementation. J Nutr Metab. 2011 Jun 9;2011:623182.
  9. Impey SG E al. Fuel for the work required: a practical approach to amalgamating train-low paradigms for endurance athletes. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 May 25]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225627
  10. Burke L. Fasting and recovery from exercise. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 May 25]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20460259
  11. Fenzl N E al. Labeling exercise fat-burning increases post-exercise food consumption in self-imposed exercisers. – PubMed – NCBI [Internet]. [cited 2017 Jun 2]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24879888
  12. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise Physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human Performance. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. 1038 p.
  13. Moore DR, Churchward-Venne TA, Witard O, Breen L, Burd NA, Tipton KD, et al. Protein ingestion to stimulate myofibrillar protein synthesis requires greater relative protein intakes in healthy older versus younger men. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2015 Jan;70(1):57–62.
  14. Aragon AA, Schoenfeld BJ. Nutrient timing revisited: is there a post-exercise anabolic window? J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2013;10(1):5.
  15. Phillips SM. A brief review of critical processes in exercise-induced muscular hypertrophy. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S71–7.
  16. Burke L, Deakin V. Clinical Sports Nutrition, Fifth Edition. McGraw-Hill Education Australia; 2015. 848 p.
  17. Maughan RJ, Watson P, Cordery PA, Walsh NP, Oliver SJ, Dolci A, et al. A randomized trial to assess the potential of different beverages to affect hydration status: development of a beverage hydration index. Am J Clin Nutr. 2015;103(3):717–23.
  18. Shirreffs SM, Watson P, Maughan RJ. Milk as an effective post-exercise rehydration drink. Br J Nutr. 2007;98(01):173.
  19. Evans GH, James LJ, Shirreffs SM, Maughan RJ. Optimizing the restoration and maintenance of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration. J Appl Physiol. 2017 Jan 26;jap.00745.2016.
  20. Maughan RJ, Leiper JB, Shirreffs SM. Restoration of fluid balance after exercise-induced dehydration: effects of food and fluid intake. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol. 1996;73(3-4):317–25.
  21. Flores-Salamanca R, Aragón-Vargas LF. Postexercise rehydration with beer impairs fluid retention, reaction time, and balance. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014 Oct;39(10):1175–81.
  22. Parr EB, Camera DM, Areta JL, Burke LM, Phillips SM, Hawley JA, et al. Alcohol ingestion impairs maximal post-exercise rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis following a single bout of concurrent training. PLoS One. 2014 Feb 12;9(2):e88384.
  23. Desbrow B, Cecchin D, Jones A, Grant G, Irwin C, Leveritt M.Manipulations to the Alcohol and Sodium Content of Beer for Postexercise Rehydration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2015 Jun;25(3):262-70.
  24. Burke LM, Collier GR, Broad EM, Davis PG, Martin DT, Sanigorski AJ, et al. Effect of alcohol intake on muscle glycogen storage after prolonged exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2003 Sep;95(3):983–90.
  25. Duplanty AA, Budnar RG, Luk HY, Levitt DE, Hill DW, McFarlin BK, et al. Effect of Acute Alcohol Ingestion on Resistance Exercise-Induced mTORC1 Signaling in Human Muscle. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Jan;31(1):54–61.
  26. Vingren JL, Hill DW, Buddhadev H, Duplanty A. Postresistance exercise ethanol ingestion and acute testosterone bioavailability. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2013 Sep;45(9):1825–32.
  27. Scherr J, Nieman DC, Schuster T, Braun S, Wolfarth B, Halle M. Non-alcoholic Beer Reduces Inflammation And The Incidence Of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections After A Marathon. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2011;43(Suppl 1):18.
  28. Murphy AP, Snape AE, Minett GM, Skein M, Duffield R. The effect of post-match alcohol ingestion on recovery from competitive rugby league matches. J Strength Cond Res. 2013 May;27(5):1304–12.
  1. Craddock JC, Probst YC, Peoples GE. Vegetarian and Omnivorous Nutrition – Comparing Physical Performance. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Jun;26(3):212–20.
  2. Fuhrman J, Ferreri DM. Fueling the vegetarian (vegan) athlete. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2010 Jul;9(4):233–41.
  3. Berning JR. The Vegetarian Athlete. In: The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine. 2013. p. 382–91.
  4. Melina V, Craig W, Levin S. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016;116(12):1970–80.
  5. Venderley AM, Campbell WW. Vegetarian diets : nutritional considerations for athletes. Sports Med. 2006;36(4):293–305.
  6. Barr SI, Rideout CA. Nutritional considerations for vegetarian athletes. Nutrition. 2004 Jul;20(7-8):696–703.
  7. Craddock JC, Probst Y, Peoples G. Vegetarian nutrition – Comparing physical performance of omnivorous and vegetarian athletes. Journal of Nutrition & Intermediary Metabolism. 2016;4:19.
  8. Watanabe F, Yabuta Y, Bito T, Teng F. Vitamin B12-Containing Plant Food Sources for Vegetarians. Nutrients. 2014;6(5):1861–73.
  9. Watanabe F. Vitamin B12 sources and bioavailability. Exp Biol Med . 2007 Nov;232(10):1266–74.
  10. C.C Kaufmann, C. Wegberger, M. Tscharre Effect of marathon and ultra-marathon on inflammation and iron homeostasis Scand J Med Sci Sports 2020 Nov 3.
  11. Burden RJ, Morton K, Richards T, Whyte GP, Pedlar CR. Is iron treatment beneficial in, iron-deficient but non-anaemic (IDNA) endurance athletes? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2015 Nov;49(21):1389–97.
  12. E.R. Eichner Anemia in Athletes, News on Iron Therapy, and Community Care During Marathons Curr Sports Med Rep. 2018 Jan;17(1):2-3.
  13. Thomas DT, Erdman KA, Burke LM. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, Dietitians of Canada, and the American College of Sports Medicine: Nutrition and Athletic Performance. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Mar;116(3):501–28.
  14. McClung JP, Gaffney-Stomberg E, Lee JJ. Female athletes: a population at risk of vitamin and mineral deficiencies affecting health and performance. J Trace Elem Med Biol. 2014 Oct;28(4):388–92.
  15. Bermon S, Castell LM, Calder PC, Bishop NC, Blomstrand E, Mooren FC, et al. Consensus Statement Immunonutrition and Exercise. Exerc Immunol Rev. 2017;23:8–50.
  16. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. 2001.
  17. de Oliveira EP, Burini RC, Jeukendrup A. Gastrointestinal complaints during exercise: prevalence, etiology, and nutritional recommendations. Sports Med. 2014 May;44 Suppl 1:S79–85.
  18. Jeukendrup AE. Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar 1;47(1):101–10.
  19. Miall A, Khoo A, Rauch C, Snipe R, Camões-Costa V, Gibson PR, et al. Two weeks of repetitive gut-challenge reduces exercise associated gastrointestinal symptoms and malabsorption. Scand J Med Sci Sports [Internet]. 2017 May 16; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/sms.12912
  20. Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, Halson SL, Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, et al. Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(1):126–34.
  21. Jeukendrup AE. Training the Gut for Athletes. Sports Med. 2017 Mar 1;47(1):101–10.
  22. Cox GR, Clark SA, Cox AJ, Halson SL, Hargreaves M, Hawley JA, et al. Daily training with high carbohydrate availability increases exogenous carbohydrate oxidation during endurance cycling. J Appl Physiol. 2010;109(1):126–34.
  23. L.A. Killian, S. Lee, Irritable bowel syndrome is underdiagnosed and ineffectively managed among endurance athletes Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2019 Dec;44(12):1329-1338
  24. D.M. Lis, T. Stellingwerff, C.M. Kitic et al. Low FODMAP: A Preliminary Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Distress in Athletes, Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2018 Jan;50(1):116-123.
  25. Evans M, Cogan KE, Egan B. Metabolism of ketone bodies during exercise and training: physiological basis for exogenous supplementation. J Physiol [Internet]. 2016 Nov 10; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1113/JP273185
  26. EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP). Safety and efficacy of aromatic ketones, secondary alcohols and related esters belonging to chemical group 21 when used as flavourings for all animal species. EFSA Journal [Internet]. 2016;14(8). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4557
  1. Pinckaers PJM, Churchward-Venne TA, Bailey D, van Loon LJC. Ketone Bodies and Exercise Performance: The Next Magic Bullet or Merely Hype? Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(3):383–91.
  2. Nelson NL, Churilla JR. A narrative review of exercise-associated muscle cramps: Factors that contribute to neuromuscular fatigue and management implications. Muscle Nerve. 2016 Aug;54(2):177–85.
  3. Garrison SR, Allan GM, Sekhon RK, Musini VM, Khan KM. Magnesium for skeletal muscle cramps. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;(9):CD009402.
  4. Bhagwat S, Haytowitz DB, Holden JM. USDA Database for the Flavonoid Content of Selected Foods. Available from: https://www.ars.usda.gov/ARSUserFiles/80400525/data/flav/flav_r03.pdf
  5. Somerville V, Bringans C, Braakhuis A. Polyphenols and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Sports Med [Internet]. 2017 Jan 17; Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0675-5
  6. Ostojic SM. Mitochondria-targeted nutraceuticals in sports medicine: a new perspective. Res Sports Med. 2017 Jan;25(1):91–100.
  7. Close GL, Ashton T, Cable T, Doran D, Holloway C, McArdle F, et al. Ascorbic acid supplementation does not attenuate post-exercise muscle soreness following muscle-damaging exercise but may delay the recovery process. Br J Nutr. 2006;95(5):976–81.
  8. Yfanti C, Åkerström T, Nielsen S, Nielsen AR, Mounier R, Mortensen OH, et al. Antioxidant Supplementation Does Not Alter Endurance Training Adaptation. Med Sci Sports Exercise. 2010;42(7):1388–95.
  9. Ristow M, Zarse K, Oberbach A, Klöting N, Birringer M, Kiehntopf M, et al. Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2009 May 26;106(21):8665–70.
  10. Palazzetti S, Rousseau A-S, Richard M-J, Favier A, Margaritis I. Antioxidant supplementation preserves antioxidant response in physical training and low antioxidant intake. Br J Nutr. 2004 Jan;91(1):91–100.
  11. Owens DJ, Tang JCY, Bradley WJ, Sparks AS, Fraser WD, Morton JP, et al. Efficacy of High-Dose Vitamin D Supplements for Elite Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017 Feb;49(2):349–56.
  12. Van De Walle G. The Effect of Nitrate Supplementation on Exercise Tolerance and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. 2017. 58 p.
  13. Porcelli S, Pugliese L, Rejc E, Pavei G, Bonato M, Montorsi M, et al. Effects of a Short-Term High-Nitrate Diet on Exercise Performance. Nutrients [Internet]. 2016 Aug 31;8(9). Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu8090534
  14. Jonvik KL, Nyakayiru J, Pinckaers PJ, Senden JM, van Loon LJ, Verdijk LB. Nitrate-Rich Vegetables Increase Plasma Nitrate and Nitrite Concentrations and Lower Blood Pressure in Healthy Adults. J Nutr. 2016 May;146(5):986–93.
  15. Jones AM. Influence of dietary nitrate on the physiological determinants of exercise performance: a critical review1. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2014;39(9):1019–28.
  16. Burke LM. Practical Issues in Evidence-Based Use of Performance Supplements: Supplement Interactions, Repeated Use and Individual Responses. Sports Med. 2017 Mar;47(Suppl 1):79–100.
  17. McLellan TM, Caldwell JA, Lieberman HR. A review of caffeine’s effects on cognitive, physical and occupational performance. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2016 Dec;71:294–312.
  18. Goldstein ER, Ziegenfuss T, Kalman D, Kreider R, Campbell B, Wilborn C, et al. International society of sports nutrition position stand: caffeine and performance. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2010 Jan 27;7(1):5.
  19. Doherty M, Smith PM. Effects of caffeine ingestion on rating of perceived exertion during and after exercise: a meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2005 Apr;15(2):69–78.
  20. Davis JK, Green JM. Caffeine and anaerobic performance: ergogenic value and mechanisms of action. Sports Med. 2009;39(10):813–32.
  21. Spriet LL. Exercise and sport performance with low doses of caffeine. Sports Med. 2014 Nov;44 Suppl 2:S175–84.
  22. Hodgson AB, Randell RK, Jeukendrup AE. The metabolic and performance effects of caffeine compared to coffee during endurance exercise. PLoS One. 2013 Apr 3;8(4):e59561.
  23. Higgins S, Straight CR, Lewis RD. The Effects of Preexercise Caffeinated Coffee Ingestion on Endurance Performance: An Evidence-Based Review. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2016 Jun;26(3):221–39.
  24. Talanian JL, Spriet LL. Low and moderate doses of caffeine late in exercise improve performance in trained cyclists. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016 Aug;41(8):850–5.
  25. Wiffin M, Smith L, Antonio J, Johnstone J, Beasly L, Roberts J. Effect of a short-term low fermentable oligiosaccharide, disaccharide, monosaccharide and polyol (FODMAP) diet on exercise-related gastrointestinal symptoms . J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2019 Jan 15;16(1):1
  26. Lis, DM. Exit Gluten-Free and Enter Low FODMAPs: A Novel Dietary Strategy to Reduce Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Athletes. Sports Med. 2019 Feb;49(Suppl 1):87-97. 
  27. Pickering C, Grgic J. Caffeine and Exercise: What Next? Sports Med. 2020 Jun;50(6):1219-1221
  28. Lheureux, P, Penaloza A, Gris M. Pyridoxine in clinical toxicology: a review. Eur J Emerg Med 2005 Apr;12(2):78-85.
  29. VKM. Assessment of vitamin B6 intake in relation to tolerable upper intake levels. Opinion of the Panel on Nutrition, Dietetic Products, Novel Food and Allergy of the Norwegian Scientific Committee for Food Safety. VKM Report 2017: 3, ISBN: 978-82-8259-260-4, Oslo, Norway
  30. EFSA. Dietary Reference Values for Vitamin B6. 2016, EFSA Journal 14:70
  31. 63. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Vitamin B6. Tolerable upper intake levels for vitamins and minerals. 2006, pp. 29–44. 
  32. Wardenaar F, Brinkmans N, Ceelen I, Van Rooij B, Mensink M, Witkamp R, De Vries J. Micronutrient Intakes in 553 Dutch Elite and Sub-Elite Athletes: Prevalence of Low and High Intakes in Users and Non-Users of Nutritional Supplements. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 15;9(2):142.